diff --git a/src/game/scenes/BattleScene.ts b/src/game/scenes/BattleScene.ts
index bde17db..4b05fcb 100644
--- a/src/game/scenes/BattleScene.ts
+++ b/src/game/scenes/BattleScene.ts
@@ -119,16 +119,22 @@ type CombatPreview = {
   defender: UnitData;
   damage: number;
   hitRate: number;
+  criticalRate: number;
+  counterAvailable: boolean;
   terrainLabel: string;
 };
 
 type CombatResult = CombatPreview & {
   previousDefenderHp: number;
+  hit: boolean;
+  critical: boolean;
+  isCounter: boolean;
   defeated: boolean;
   characterGrowth: CharacterGrowthResult;
   attackerGrowth: EquipmentGrowthResult;
   defenderGrowth: EquipmentGrowthResult;
   bondExp: number;
+  counter?: CombatResult;
 };
 
 type SavedUnitState = Pick<UnitData, 'id' | 'level' | 'exp' | 'hp' | 'maxHp' | 'attack' | 'move' | 'x' | 'y'> & {
@@ -872,13 +878,19 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     const result = this.resolveCombatAction(attacker, target, action);
     this.clearMarkers();
     await this.playCombatCutIn(result);
+    result.counter = this.resolveCounterAttack(result);
+    if (result.counter) {
+      await this.delay(180);
+      await this.playCombatCutIn(result.counter);
+    }
     this.finishUnitAction(attacker, this.formatCombatResult(result));
   }
 
   private renderAttackPreview(preview: CombatPreview) {
+    const counter = preview.counterAvailable ? ' / 반격 가능' : '';
     this.renderUnitDetail(
       preview.defender,
-      `${preview.attacker.name} ${commandLabels[preview.action]} 예측\n피해 ${preview.damage} / 명중 ${preview.hitRate}% / 지형 ${preview.terrainLabel}`
+      `${preview.attacker.name} ${commandLabels[preview.action]} 예측\n피해 ${preview.damage} / 명중 ${preview.hitRate}% / 치명 ${preview.criticalRate}%\n지형 ${preview.terrainLabel}${counter}`
     );
   }
 
@@ -1231,7 +1243,21 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     const defensePower = this.actionDefense(defender, action, terrainRule.defenseBonus);
     const bondBonus = attacker.faction === 'ally' ? this.strongestBondBonus(attacker.id).damageBonus : 0;
     const damage = Phaser.Math.Clamp(Math.round((attackPower - defensePower) * (1 + bondBonus / 100)), 3, defender.maxHp);
-    const hitRate = Phaser.Math.Clamp(84 + Math.floor((attacker.stats.agility - defender.stats.agility) / 4), 65, 98);
+    const defenderTerrainRating = getUnitClass(defender.classKey).terrainRatings[terrain] ?? 100;
+    const terrainHitPenalty = Math.floor(terrainRule.defenseBonus / 2) + Math.max(0, Math.floor((defenderTerrainRating - 100) / 4));
+    const hitRate = Phaser.Math.Clamp(
+      88 + Math.floor((attacker.stats.agility - defender.stats.agility) / 3) + Math.floor((attacker.stats.luck - defender.stats.luck) / 8) - terrainHitPenalty,
+      45,
+      98
+    );
+    const criticalRate = Phaser.Math.Clamp(
+      5 +
+        Math.floor((attacker.stats.luck - defender.stats.luck) / 7) +
+        Math.floor((attacker.stats.might - defender.stats.leadership) / 12) +
+        (action === 'attack' && getItem(attacker.equipment.weapon.itemId).rank === 'treasure' ? 2 : 0),
+      2,
+      28
+    );
 
     return {
       action,
@@ -1239,6 +1265,8 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
       defender,
       damage,
       hitRate,
+      criticalRate,
+      counterAvailable: this.canCounterAttack(defender, attacker, action),
       terrainLabel: terrainRule.label
     };
   }
@@ -1247,17 +1275,24 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     return this.resolveCombatAction(attacker, defender, 'attack');
   }
 
-  private resolveCombatAction(attacker: UnitData, defender: UnitData, action: DamageCommand): CombatResult {
+  private resolveCombatAction(attacker: UnitData, defender: UnitData, action: DamageCommand, isCounter = false): CombatResult {
     const preview = this.combatPreview(attacker, defender, action);
     const previousDefenderHp = defender.hp;
+    const hit = this.rollPercent(preview.hitRate);
+    const critical = hit && this.rollPercent(preview.criticalRate);
+    const damage = hit ? Phaser.Math.Clamp(Math.round(preview.damage * (critical ? 1.5 : 1)), 1, defender.hp) : 0;
     const attackerGrowth = this.awardEquipmentExp(attacker, action === 'attack' ? 'weapon' : 'accessory', this.attackerEquipmentExpGain(attacker, action));
-    const armorGrowth = this.awardEquipmentExp(defender, 'armor', 6);
-    const characterGrowth = this.awardCharacterExp(attacker, this.characterExpGain(preview));
-    const bondExp = attacker.faction === 'ally' ? this.recordBondAttackIntent(attacker, defender) : 0;
+    const armorGrowth = this.awardEquipmentExp(defender, 'armor', hit ? 6 : 3);
+    const characterGrowth = this.awardCharacterExp(attacker, this.characterExpGain(preview, damage, hit, critical));
+    const bondExp = attacker.faction === 'ally' && !isCounter ? this.recordBondAttackIntent(attacker, defender) : 0;
 
-    defender.hp = Math.max(0, defender.hp - preview.damage);
+    defender.hp = Math.max(0, defender.hp - damage);
     this.faceUnitToward(attacker, defender);
-    this.flashDamage(defender, preview.damage);
+    if (hit) {
+      this.flashDamage(defender, damage, critical);
+    } else {
+      this.flashMiss(defender);
+    }
 
     if (defender.hp <= 0) {
       this.applyDefeatedStyle(defender);
@@ -1267,7 +1302,11 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
 
     return {
       ...preview,
+      damage,
       previousDefenderHp,
+      hit,
+      critical,
+      isCounter,
       defeated: defender.hp <= 0,
       characterGrowth,
       attackerGrowth,
@@ -1276,6 +1315,34 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     };
   }
 
+  private resolveCounterAttack(result: CombatResult) {
+    if (result.defender.hp <= 0) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    if (!this.canCounterAttack(result.defender, result.attacker, result.action)) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    return this.resolveCombatAction(result.defender, result.attacker, 'attack', true);
+  }
+
+  private canCounterAttack(defender: UnitData, attacker: UnitData, incomingAction: DamageCommand) {
+    if (incomingAction !== 'attack' || defender.hp <= 0 || attacker.hp <= 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    const distance = this.tileDistance(defender, attacker);
+    if (defender.classKey === 'archer' && distance <= 1) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    return this.canAttack(defender, attacker);
+  }
+
+  private rollPercent(rate: number) {
+    return Phaser.Math.Between(1, 100) <= Phaser.Math.Clamp(rate, 0, 100);
+  }
+
   private actionPower(unit: UnitData, action: DamageCommand) {
     if (action === 'strategy') {
       return 10 + Math.floor(unit.stats.intelligence / 5) + this.equipmentStrategyBonus(unit);
@@ -1303,22 +1370,46 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     return 5 + (getItem(unit.equipment.accessory.itemId).rank === 'treasure' ? 2 : 0);
   }
 
-  private characterExpGain(result: CombatPreview) {
+  private characterExpGain(result: CombatPreview, damage: number, hit: boolean, critical: boolean) {
+    if (!hit) {
+      return 2;
+    }
+
     const levelGap = result.defender.level - result.attacker.level;
     const actionBonus = result.action === 'attack' ? 10 : 8;
-    const defeatBonus = result.damage >= result.defender.hp ? 12 : 0;
-    return Phaser.Math.Clamp(actionBonus + levelGap * 2 + defeatBonus, 4, 28);
+    const defeatBonus = damage >= result.defender.hp ? 12 : 0;
+    const criticalBonus = critical ? 2 : 0;
+    return Phaser.Math.Clamp(actionBonus + levelGap * 2 + defeatBonus + criticalBonus, 4, 30);
   }
 
   private formatCombatResult(result: CombatResult) {
+    const outcome = this.formatCombatOutcome(result);
     const defeated = result.defeated ? `\n${result.defender.name} 퇴각!` : `\n${result.defender.name} HP ${result.defender.hp}/${result.defender.maxHp}`;
     const bond = result.bondExp > 0 ? `\n공명 경험치 +${result.bondExp}` : '';
-    return `${result.attacker.name} ${commandLabels[result.action]}\n${result.defender.name}에게 ${result.damage} 피해${defeated}\n장수 경험치 +${result.characterGrowth.amount}\n${this.formatEquipmentGrowth(result.attackerGrowth)}\n${this.formatEquipmentGrowth(result.defenderGrowth)}${bond}`;
+    const counter = result.counter ? `\n${this.formatCounterLine(result.counter)}` : '';
+    return `${result.attacker.name} ${commandLabels[result.action]}\n${outcome}${defeated}\n장수 경험치 +${result.characterGrowth.amount}\n${this.formatEquipmentGrowth(result.attackerGrowth)}\n${this.formatEquipmentGrowth(result.defenderGrowth)}${bond}${counter}`;
+  }
+
+  private formatCombatOutcome(result: CombatResult) {
+    if (!result.hit) {
+      return `${result.defender.name}이 공격을 회피했습니다.`;
+    }
+
+    const critical = result.critical ? '치명타! ' : '';
+    return `${critical}${result.defender.name}에게 ${result.damage} 피해`;
+  }
+
+  private formatCounterLine(result: CombatResult) {
+    const outcome = result.hit ? `${result.critical ? '치명타로 ' : ''}${result.damage} 피해` : '회피됨';
+    const defeated = result.defeated ? ` / ${result.defender.name} 퇴각` : ` / ${result.defender.name} HP ${result.defender.hp}/${result.defender.maxHp}`;
+    return `반격: ${result.attacker.name} -> ${result.defender.name} ${outcome}${defeated}`;
   }
 
   private combatGrowthLines(result: CombatResult) {
     const characterLevel = result.characterGrowth.leveled ? ` / Lv ${result.characterGrowth.level}` : '';
+    const verdict = result.hit ? `${result.critical ? '치명타 / ' : ''}명중 ${result.hitRate}%` : `회피됨 / 명중 ${result.hitRate}%`;
     const lines = [
+      verdict,
       `장수 경험치 +${result.characterGrowth.amount} (${result.characterGrowth.exp}/${result.characterGrowth.next})${characterLevel}`,
       this.formatEquipmentGrowth(result.attackerGrowth),
       this.formatEquipmentGrowth(result.defenderGrowth)
@@ -1766,6 +1857,11 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     if (this.canAttack(enemy, target)) {
       const result = this.resolveAttack(enemy, target);
       await this.playCombatCutIn(result);
+      result.counter = this.resolveCounterAttack(result);
+      if (result.counter) {
+        await this.delay(180);
+        await this.playCombatCutIn(result.counter);
+      }
       return this.formatEnemyCombatResult(result, behavior);
     }
 
@@ -1833,8 +1929,10 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
   }
 
   private formatEnemyCombatResult(result: CombatResult, behavior: EnemyAiBehavior) {
+    const outcome = result.hit ? `${result.critical ? '치명타 ' : ''}${result.damage} 피해` : '회피됨';
     const defeated = result.defeated ? ` / ${result.defender.name} 퇴각` : ` / ${result.defender.name} HP ${result.defender.hp}/${result.defender.maxHp}`;
-    return `${result.attacker.name} ${this.enemyBehaviorLabel(behavior)} 공격: ${result.defender.name}에게 ${result.damage} 피해${defeated}`;
+    const counter = result.counter ? ` / ${this.formatCounterLine(result.counter)}` : '';
+    return `${result.attacker.name} ${this.enemyBehaviorLabel(behavior)} 공격: ${result.defender.name} ${outcome}${defeated}${counter}`;
   }
 
   private async playCombatCutIn(result: CombatResult) {
@@ -1876,7 +1974,8 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     stage.fillStyle(0x23472c, 1);
     stage.fillRect(left + 18, top + 82, panelWidth - 36, 18);
 
-    const title = this.trackCombatObject(this.add.text(left + panelWidth / 2, top + 24, commandLabels[result.action], {
+    const titleText = result.isCounter ? '반격' : commandLabels[result.action];
+    const title = this.trackCombatObject(this.add.text(left + panelWidth / 2, top + 24, titleText, {
       fontFamily: '"Malgun Gothic", "Noto Sans KR", sans-serif',
       fontSize: '24px',
       color: '#f4dfad',
@@ -1910,7 +2009,11 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
 
     await this.delay(180);
     await this.playCombatActionMotion(result, attackerSprite, defenderSprite, attackerX, defenderX, groundY, depth + 10);
-    this.showCombatImpact(result, defenderX, groundY - 46, depth + 14);
+    if (result.hit) {
+      this.showCombatImpact(result, defenderX, groundY - 46, depth + 14);
+    } else {
+      this.showCombatMiss(defenderX, groundY - 70, depth + 14);
+    }
 
     await this.animateCombatGauge(defenderStatus.hpFill, result.previousDefenderHp / result.defender.maxHp, result.defender.hp / result.defender.maxHp, 420);
     defenderStatus.hpText.setText(`${result.defender.hp} / ${result.defender.maxHp}`);
@@ -1927,10 +2030,11 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     );
     attackerStatus.expText.setText(`${result.characterGrowth.exp} / ${result.characterGrowth.next}`);
 
-    const resultText = this.trackCombatObject(this.add.text(left + panelWidth / 2, top + 252, `${result.damage} 피해`, {
+    const resultLabel = result.hit ? `${result.critical ? '치명타! ' : ''}${result.damage} 피해` : '회피!';
+    const resultText = this.trackCombatObject(this.add.text(left + panelWidth / 2, top + 252, resultLabel, {
       fontFamily: '"Malgun Gothic", "Noto Sans KR", sans-serif',
       fontSize: '22px',
-      color: '#ffdf7b',
+      color: result.hit ? (result.critical ? '#ff8f5f' : '#ffdf7b') : '#d9f1ff',
       fontStyle: '700',
       stroke: '#2b0909',
       strokeThickness: 4
@@ -1938,23 +2042,13 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     resultText.setOrigin(0.5);
     resultText.setDepth(depth + 16);
 
-    const expText = this.trackCombatObject(this.add.text(left + panelWidth / 2, top + 386, `장수 경험치 +${result.characterGrowth.amount}${result.characterGrowth.leveled ? ` / Lv ${result.characterGrowth.level}` : ''}`, {
+    const growthText = this.trackCombatObject(this.add.text(left + panelWidth / 2, top + 330, this.combatGrowthLines(result).join('\n'), {
       fontFamily: '"Malgun Gothic", "Noto Sans KR", sans-serif',
-      fontSize: '17px',
-      color: '#d4dce6',
-      fontStyle: '700'
-    }));
-    expText.setOrigin(0.5);
-    expText.setDepth(depth + 16);
-    expText.setVisible(false);
-
-    const growthText = this.trackCombatObject(this.add.text(left + panelWidth / 2, top + 348, this.combatGrowthLines(result).join('\n'), {
-      fontFamily: '"Malgun Gothic", "Noto Sans KR", sans-serif',
-      fontSize: '15px',
+      fontSize: '14px',
       color: '#d4dce6',
       fontStyle: '700',
       align: 'center',
-      lineSpacing: 4
+      lineSpacing: 3
     }));
     growthText.setOrigin(0.5, 0);
     growthText.setDepth(depth + 16);
@@ -2061,7 +2155,7 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
   ) {
     const direction = result.attacker.faction === 'ally' ? 1 : -1;
     if (result.action === 'attack') {
-      soundDirector.playEffect('sword-slash', { volume: 0.52, stopAfterMs: 700 });
+      soundDirector.playEffect('sword-slash', { volume: result.hit ? 0.52 : 0.38, stopAfterMs: 700 });
       this.tweens.add({
         targets: attackerSprite,
         x: attackerX + direction * 84,
@@ -2072,8 +2166,9 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
       await this.delay(180);
       this.tweens.add({
         targets: defenderSprite,
-        x: defenderX + direction * 12,
-        duration: 70,
+        x: defenderX + direction * (result.hit ? 12 : 28),
+        y: result.hit ? defenderSprite.y : defenderSprite.y - 10,
+        duration: result.hit ? 70 : 120,
         yoyo: true
       });
       await this.delay(230);
@@ -2093,7 +2188,8 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     this.combatCutInObjects.push(projectile);
     this.tweens.add({
       targets: projectile,
-      x: defenderX - direction * 72,
+      x: defenderX - direction * (result.hit ? 72 : 12),
+      y: result.hit ? projectile.y : projectile.y - 24,
       duration: 430,
       ease: 'Cubic.easeIn'
     });
@@ -2129,13 +2225,15 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
   }
 
   private showCombatImpact(result: CombatResult, x: number, y: number, depth: number) {
-    soundDirector.playEffect('combat-impact', { volume: result.action === 'strategy' ? 0.3 : 0.48, stopAfterMs: 650 });
+    soundDirector.playEffect('combat-impact', { volume: result.critical ? 0.62 : result.action === 'strategy' ? 0.3 : 0.48, stopAfterMs: 650 });
 
-    const impact = this.trackCombatObject(this.add.star(x, y, 8, 12, 42, result.action === 'strategy' ? 0x6cc5ff : 0xffdf7b, 0.92));
+    const impact = this.trackCombatObject(
+      this.add.star(x, y, 8, 12, result.critical ? 54 : 42, result.critical ? 0xff8f5f : result.action === 'strategy' ? 0x6cc5ff : 0xffdf7b, 0.92)
+    );
     impact.setDepth(depth);
     this.tweens.add({
       targets: impact,
-      scale: 1.45,
+      scale: result.critical ? 1.7 : 1.45,
       alpha: 0,
       duration: 320,
       ease: 'Sine.easeOut',
@@ -2143,6 +2241,27 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     });
   }
 
+  private showCombatMiss(x: number, y: number, depth: number) {
+    const miss = this.trackCombatObject(this.add.text(x, y, '회피', {
+      fontFamily: '"Malgun Gothic", "Noto Sans KR", sans-serif',
+      fontSize: '24px',
+      color: '#d9f1ff',
+      fontStyle: '700',
+      stroke: '#071623',
+      strokeThickness: 4
+    }));
+    miss.setOrigin(0.5);
+    miss.setDepth(depth);
+    this.tweens.add({
+      targets: miss,
+      y: y - 20,
+      alpha: 0,
+      duration: 460,
+      ease: 'Sine.easeOut',
+      onComplete: () => miss.destroy()
+    });
+  }
+
   private animateCombatGauge(target: Phaser.GameObjects.Rectangle, fromRatio: number, toRatio: number, duration: number) {
     target.setScale(Phaser.Math.Clamp(fromRatio, 0, 1), 1);
     return new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
@@ -2574,6 +2693,10 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     if (!view) {
       return;
     }
+    if (unit.hp <= 0) {
+      this.applyDefeatedStyle(unit);
+      return;
+    }
 
     view.sprite.postFX.clear();
     view.sprite.clearTint();
@@ -2610,16 +2733,16 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     this.syncUnitMotion(unit, view, direction);
   }
 
-  private flashDamage(unit: UnitData, damage: number) {
+  private flashDamage(unit: UnitData, damage: number, critical = false) {
     const view = this.unitViews.get(unit.id);
     if (!view) {
       return;
     }
 
-    const popup = this.add.text(view.sprite.x, view.sprite.y - this.layout.tileSize * 0.5, `-${damage}`, {
+    const popup = this.add.text(view.sprite.x, view.sprite.y - this.layout.tileSize * 0.5, critical ? `치명 -${damage}` : `-${damage}`, {
       fontFamily: '"Malgun Gothic", "Noto Sans KR", sans-serif',
-      fontSize: '20px',
-      color: '#ffdf7b',
+      fontSize: critical ? '22px' : '20px',
+      color: critical ? '#ff8f5f' : '#ffdf7b',
       stroke: '#220909',
       strokeThickness: 4,
       fontStyle: '700'
@@ -2647,6 +2770,41 @@ export class BattleScene extends Phaser.Scene {
     });
   }
 
+  private flashMiss(unit: UnitData) {
+    const view = this.unitViews.get(unit.id);
+    if (!view) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const popup = this.add.text(view.sprite.x, view.sprite.y - this.layout.tileSize * 0.5, '회피', {
+      fontFamily: '"Malgun Gothic", "Noto Sans KR", sans-serif',
+      fontSize: '20px',
+      color: '#d9f1ff',
+      stroke: '#071623',
+      strokeThickness: 4,
+      fontStyle: '700'
+    });
+    popup.setOrigin(0.5);
+    popup.setDepth(30);
+
+    this.tweens.add({
+      targets: [view.sprite, view.label],
+      x: `+=${unit.faction === 'ally' ? -8 : 8}`,
+      duration: 90,
+      yoyo: true,
+      ease: 'Sine.easeOut'
+    });
+
+    this.tweens.add({
+      targets: popup,
+      y: popup.y - 24,
+      alpha: 0,
+      duration: 500,
+      ease: 'Sine.easeOut',
+      onComplete: () => popup.destroy()
+    });
+  }
+
   private showTurnEndPrompt(message?: string) {
     this.hideTurnEndPrompt();